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Iceland

Resumption of Sustainable Whaling

Questions and Answers

1

Q: What is the importance of sustainable utilisation of living marine resources to Iceland?

A: The Icelandic economy is overwhelmingly dependent on the utilization of living marine resources and fisheries in general constitute around 60% of Iceland?s revenue from exported goods and almost 40% of Icelandic exported goods and services. Substantial whale research, including a series of large scale sightings surveys in the North Atlantic (NASS), has been conducted in Icelandic waters. This series, which covers the period from 1986, demonstrates that fin and minke whales are abundant and can be harvested in a sustainable way.

2

Q: Isn?t sustainable whaling illegal because of the IWC so-called moratorium on commercial whaling?

A: No. For those countries that are bound by the so-called moratorium, commercial whaling is not permitted. There has never been a time when all IWC members have been bound by it.

At the time of the re-entry of Iceland into the International Whaling Commission (IWC), Iceland made a reservation with respect to the so-called moratorium on commercial whaling. As a part of the reservation, Iceland committed itself not to authorise commercial whaling before 2006. Thereafter such whaling would not be authorised while progress was being made in negotiations regarding the IWC?s Revised Management Scheme (RMS), a management framework for sustainable whaling.

At the IWC?s Annual Meeting in 2005 Iceland warned that no progress was being made in the RMS discussions. No objection was raised at the Annual Meeting to Iceland?s statement. At this year?s IWC Annual Meeting, Iceland?s understanding was reconfirmed as the IWC generally agreed that talks on an RMS had reached an impasse. Therefore, the two limitations attached to Iceland?s reservation with respect to the so-called moratorium no longer apply.

Accordingly, Iceland?s reservation is now in effect and Iceland has the legal right to resume sustainable whaling. This puts Iceland in the same position as other IWC members that are not bound by the so-called moratorium, such as Norway.

3

Q: Will Iceland?s decision to resume sustainable whaling not have a negative effect on the negotiations on a Revised Management Scheme (RMS) within the IWC?

A: No. At the time Iceland re-joined the IWC it believed progress was being made in the RMS discussions. Iceland worked hard after re-joining the IWC to bring the IWC closer to finalising an RMS. Unfortunately, this work has proved fruitless as consensus was reached at this years IWC Annual Meeting that the talks on the RMS were at an impasse.

4

Q: Does Iceland have a long whaling history?

A: Utilisation of whale resources has been a traditional part of Iceland?s history, providing an important dietary component throughout the ages. Long before any international agreements on whale conservation the Icelandic Parliament (Althing) banned all whaling in 1915, after a period of overexploitation from foreign land-stations in Iceland during the period 1883-1915. This Icelandic "moratorium" lasted, apart from some limited catches during 1935-1939, until 1948 when a licence was given to a single land-station. When commercial whaling was halted from 1985 it had a negative economic and social impact on communities dependent on whaling. In the years 1985-1989 Iceland conducted a scientific research program, including takes of a limited number of fin and sei whales. No whaling was conducted in the period of 1990-2002. In 2003 Iceland started its implementation of the minke whale research program, including the take of 200 minke whales in the period of 2003-2007. Today 161 minke whales have been taken, thereof 60 in 2006. The implementation of the research plan will be completed in 2007 when the originally determined sample size of 200 minke whales has been achieved.

5

Q: How many whales has Iceland now decided to take?

A: Iceland?s decision to resume sustainable whaling involves the take of 30 minke whales and nine fin whales, during the current Icelandic fishing year which ends on 31 August 2007. Taking into account the 39 minke whales that will be taken in 2007 to complete the implementation of the minke whale research plan, the catches of minke whales will be 69 animals. These takes equal less than 0.2% of the number of minke whales in Icelandic coastal waters, an even smaller fraction of the total stock, and less than 0.04% of fin whales in the Central North Atlantic. Both are considered to be close to pre-exploitation levels and estimated sustainable annual catch levels are 200 and 400 fin and minke whales respectively. As the catch limits now issued are much lower, the catches will not have a significant impact on whale stocks. A responsible management system will ensure that the catch quotas set will not be exceeded. The catches are clearly sustainable and therefore consistent with the principle of sustainable development.

6

Q: Why did Iceland decide to resume sustainable whaling?

A: The position of Iceland has always been that whale stocks should be utilised in a sustainable manner like any other living marine resource.

Icelandic policy on ocean issues is based on maintaining the future health, biodiversity and sustainability of the ocean surrounding Iceland, in order that it may continue to be a resource that supports and promotes the nation?s wellbeing. This involves conservation and management of the resources based on scientific knowledge and guided by respect for the marine ecosystem as a whole.

Abundance estimates for both minke and fin whales around Iceland have been approved both by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the Scientific Committee of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). Both have been deemed abundant.

7

Q: What will be the effect of the proposed whaling on the whale populations in question?

A: Iceland has in collaboration with neighbouring countries in the North Atlantic conducted large scale sightings surveys at regular intervals since 1987. According to the latest survey, the number of fin whales in the Central North Atlantic is estimated at 25,800 animals and the total stock size of Central North-Atlantic minke whales is close to 70,000 animals, of which around 43,600 are in Icelandic coastal waters. Both these estimates have been agreed upon by consensus by the Scientific Committees of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). Both populations are believed to be close to pre-exploitation levels and estimated sustainable annual catch levels are 200 and 400 fin and minke whales respectively. The catch limits now issued are much lower. Therefore, the catches will not have significant impact on these highly abundant whale populations. A responsible management system will ensure that the catches are sustainable and that catch quotas will not be exceeded.

Regular sightings surveys will be continued to monitor the development of the whale stocks. The next such survey will be conducted in 2007. Catch quotas will be adjusted accordingly to ensure long-term sustainability.

8

Q: Are fin whales not listed as endangered in the IUCN red list of threatened species?

A: The IUCN red list of threatened species is based on a global perspective regarding the status of species. Fin whales have separate populations (stocks) in all the major ocean areas. There is no interchange of whales between major ocean areas.

Such a global perspective, merging independent stocks together, is inconsistent with general practice of scientifically based management of fisheries. The use of IUCN criteria on fin whales in the Central North Atlantic would not lead to their classification as endangered or threatened.

The abundance estimate for fin whales in the Central North Atlantic has been agreed by consensus by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the Scientific Committee of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). There is agreement within both of these scientific committees that the fin whale is neither endangered nor threatened.

9

Q: Are 69 animals a high proportion of the minke whale stock in Icelandic coastal waters and are nine animals a high proportion of the number of fin whales in the Central North Atlantic?

A: No. The total stock size of Central North-Atlantic minke whales is close to 70,000 animals, of which around 43,600 are in Icelandic costal waters. The number of fin whales in the Central North Atlantic is estimated at around 25,800 animals. These abundance estimates have been agreed by consensus by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the Scientific Committee of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). The takes of 69 minke whales and nine fin whales equal less than 0.2% of the minke whales in Icelandic coastal waters and an even smaller fraction of the total stock and less than 0.04% of fin whales in the Central North Atlantic. The catches are clearly sustainable and therefore consistent with the principle of sustainable development.

10

Q: Will the implementation of the current research plan on minke whales be suspended?

A: The implementation of the research plan on minke whales will be completed in 2007 when the targeted sample size of 200 minke whales has been achieved. However, scientific activities will continue in other forms in order to closely monitor the health of Iceland?s marine ecosystem. The catch quotas for minke whales take into account the number of whales that will be taken in the implementation of the research plan, ensuring that total catches will be well within a sustainable level.

11

Q: Is the management of whaling not a job for the International Whaling Commission (IWC)?

A: The IWC has not been able to fulfil its role in the management of whaling as it is obliged to do according to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. No progress has been made in the RMS discussions within the IWC over the past two years and any further effort was suspended indefinitely after the IWC agreed that talks on the RMS had reached an impasse. Despite the fact that the Scientific Committee of the IWC agreed on the scientific aspects of a management scheme fourteen years ago, there are no signs indicating that the IWC will manage whaling in the foreseeable future.

At the IWC Annual Meeting this year, the so-called St. Kitts and Nevis Declaration was approved by a majority of IWC members. In this declaration it is stated among other things that whale stocks should be utilised in a sustainable way on a scientific basis and that the so-called moratorium on commercial whaling is unnecessary. Furthermore it declares that the IWC can be saved from collapse only by implementing conservation and management measures.

With the IWC?s majority now having come to the conclusion that the so-called moratorium on commercial whaling was unnecessary, the resumption of sustainable whaling is clearly in line with the will of the majority of IWC members.

12

Q: Has the Scientific Committee of the IWC expressed opposition to the proposed catches?

A: The Scientific Committee of the IWC has not discussed this particular decision. However, at this year?s annual meeting the Scientific Committee accepted an abundance estimate of 25,800 fin whales in the Central North Atlantic. The Scientific Committee had previously accepted an abundance estimate of 43,600 for minke whales around Iceland. The allowed catches now constitute less than 0.04% and 0.2% of these accepted estimates for fin and minke whales, respectively, well below generally accepted values for sustainable yield of whale stocks.

13

Q: Will Iceland engage in international trade in whale products obtained in commercial whaling?

A: Whale products should be treated in the same way as any other seafood products. Icelandic whale products are likely to be consumed both domestically and overseas.

Any international trade in Icelandic whale products will be conducted in accordance with Iceland?s obligations under international law.

14

Q: Should the whale products not be consumed domestically rather than be subject to international trade?

A: In Iceland?s view, the question of international trade has no bearing on the management of whaling or whale conservation. What matters is how many whales are taken, not where they are consumed after they are taken.

Iceland does not support the view that international trade is fundamentally bad, neither regarding whale products nor other, legally traded products. Nor does Iceland support trade discrimination between large and small countries.

The sustainability of the catches is determined by the level of the catches and has nothing whatsoever to do with what distance the products are transported before they are used.

However, there are two reasons one can have for opposing international trade in sustainably taken whale products. Firstly, one can feel that only large countries should be allowed to conduct whaling while countries that have small domestic markets should not. Using this discriminatory reasoning, one can for example conclude that large countries such as the USA and Japan can conduct whaling but small countries like Iceland and the Faroe Islands can not. Secondly, one can feel that international trade in general is a bad thing and should be minimised. This anti-capitalist reasoning not only applies to international trade in whale products but to all international trade, such as trade in textiles, food products and industrial products.

Iceland strongly opposes both these arguments. Iceland feels it is important to ensure the sustainability of the utilisation of living marine resources, but this goal should not be used to justify inappropriate trade barriers and trade discrimination.

15

Q: Do the whales suffer when they are caught?

A: The methods used for hunting the whales are the best available. No high-speed chase is involved and most of the animals die without realising that they are being hunted. Statistics from Norway, where the same methods are used, show that around 80% of the animals die instantly upon being hit. An overwhelming majority of the remaining 20% die within minutes. The methods used ensure that the catches are done in the quickest and most humane way possible and that suffering is minimised. In fact, these methods are more effective and humane than those used for hunting other large mammals, such as deer.

16

Q: Is Iceland going against world public opinion by conducting sustainable whaling?

A: No. Several countries catch whales, most of them on a much bigger scale than Iceland. The United States has for instance a five year block quota of 280 bowhead whales from a stock of less than 10,000 animals. Of those who, like Iceland, operate within the International Whaling Commission (IWC) the biggest whaling countries by numbers and volume are the United States, Russia, Norway, Japan and Greenland. Like Iceland?s, all those whaling operations are sustainable and legal and in accordance with the rules of the IWC.

The majority of the members of the International Whaling Commission has clearly expressed its support for sustainable whaling, which is consistent with the principle of sustainable development. Like most countries, Iceland strongly opposes unsustainable whaling operations and supports the protection of whale stocks that are threatened.

17

Q: Are Icelanders in favour of whaling?

A: According to a poll by Gallup from September 2006, around 3/4 of Icelanders, aged 16-75 years, are in favour of sustainable whaling. This is almost exactly the same percentage as in a poll from 1997. Over the same period the proportion of Icelanders opposing whaling has fallen from around 20% to around 10%.

18

Q: Are there reasons to be concerned about the health impacts of whale meat?

A: There are no reasons to fear negative health impacts from consuming whale meat. All marine organisms, particularly long-living species high in the food chain, have measurable levels of contaminants. Relatively high values have been found in some toothed cetaceans, as well as in some commercially exploited fish species such as tuna and halibut. However, baleen whales are at a low level in the food chain. Therefore, they contain pollutants at generally much lower values. Analysis of meat and blubber for pollutants in Icelandic fin and minke whales, both of which are baleen whales, have shown levels well below residue limits stipulated for food.

On the contrary studies have shown whale products to represent high quality food regarding nutrients and bioactive components beneficial for human health. The meat is lean and it?s fat is rich in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, like other seafood, the meat is of high quality protein and rich in essential minerals and some vitamins. The blubber, a fatty tissue, is very rich in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

19

Q: Is there a reason to believe that sustainable whaling will have a negative impact on tourism in Iceland?

A: Statistics show that the number of tourists to Iceland for the past few years has increased. Iceland?s implementation of a program that includes the taking of whales for scientific purposes does not seem to have affected tourism to Iceland in any way.

20

Q: Will resumption of sustainable whaling hurt whale-watching operations in Iceland?

A: There is no reason to believe that the sustainable whaling will affect the whale-watching industry as whale-watching areas are mostly confined to locations near the harbours of departure. The stocks to be harvested are both highly abundant and distributed over a much wider area.

Whaling and whale-watching can coexist with good cooperation between the parties involved. This has been the case in other countries where whale-watching and whaling are practiced side by side.

Prepared by the Ministry of Fisheries and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, in October 2006.